Seeing the world through the Nurse's Eye

Category: Nursing in England (Page 1 of 2)

The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (of the NHS)

The Ugly

Band levels and Coloured Scrubs

Nurses in the National Health System (NHS) start as a band 5 nurse, the entry level for any newly qualified nurse. As you gain experience, you become a band 6 nurse which includes being in charge of the department. Also known as a junior sister. Followed by being the source of all knowledge, a band 7 nurse with managerial duties, a senior sister. On the other side of the spectrum a band 2 health care assistance, is an entry level position which provides direct patient care. And a band 4 which has duties similar to certified nurse’s assistances (CNAs) in the USA. Each band has a different scope of practice and different colour of scrubs.

The visual hierarchy is one of the sources of poor communication, in my personal opinion. The navy blue worn by the senior/junior sisters (nurses) is a status marker and the assumption is that you must know what is going on in any given situation. With my recent change in position, I felt the shift immediately. Previously in sky blue I had to speak up to be addressed. Now in navy I am the first to be addressed in the room, whether I know the patient. The saying goes ‘the paler your blue the least you are heard.’ In addition, the nurses tend to stay within their own tones.  With the change in colour I am no longer one of them but part of the management group.

A poster from another Trust. I could not find one from my hospital, but it gives you an idea of the different uniforms

Long queues for ambulances

Two years ago, when I started, I appreciated the ambulances queuing to bring patients to the hospital. An abdominal pain that was stable might have to wait for 4 to 6 hours to get brought in. But recently I have come to see the fault in the system. An elder man who has fallen due to leg weakness (“off legs,” the colloquial term), and who is otherwise stable will have to wait. And what could have been a quick lift assist turns into a long lie, a patient on the floor for four plus hours, and now needs further medical evaluation. The long wait times for ambulances also creates a situation where we get very sick walk ins who realized it was faster to get a friend, family member or taxi to bring  them in.

Lack of Support

Newly qualified/graduated nurses have no residency program. After a two-week orientation to the emergency department they are expected to work independently. Six shifts, one day to learn to manage five patients. One day to observe and work in the resuscitation bay. Another day to work ambulatory chairs, sit to fit patients, with a nurse to patient ratio of 1:8. One day to learn to work in pediatrics before you are left to fend by yourself. And if you fail you just may have not been cut out for the job.

I should note that the NHS does have a Preceptorship Program for new nurses which gives them 7.5 hours a month of additional training, out of the department. And in the Emergency Department we try our hardest to support the new nurses.

The Bad

Reproving yourself as a nurse

In the USA you finish nursing school, you take your board exam (the NCLEX) and you are done! But here you graduate and you still have to prove yourself as a nurse. It does not matter if you did it at school you must prove once again you know how to administer medication, calculate drug dosages, draw blood, insert a cannula, do a male catheter, or place a nasogastric tube. And you cannot do any of those tasks until you have documentation that you have completed the training in the hospital.

As a new employee, I had to demonstrate all the competencies stated above when I started here. A standard across most hospitals in the UK. Therefore, as a clinical educator I spend a great of time having people demonstrate their skills to me. It does not matter if you have been a nurse for one month or 10 years.

It can wait.

Whether it be a colonoscopy, knee replacement, or even a wonky gallbladder. If it is not an emergency you will need to wait. Whilst I worked in anaesthetics it shocked me to see the number of weeks (50, 64, 72) next to the patient’s name stating the length of time they had waited for their operation.

The long wait list for treatment is not new. The combination of non-urgent services being suspended during the pandemic and staffing shortages has created a record high of almost 7.21 million people waiting for treatment as of October 2022 according to the British Medical Association.  

Pay

I always said I would do this job no matter what the pay and now I stand behind my words. Nurses, along with other healthcare professionals, are not treated as professionals but more blue-collar workers and it is reflected in our wages.

As an experienced nurse, getting the highest level of a Band 5 nurse I get paid gross £16.84 an hour ($20.12). My take home after taxes being £11.75 an hour ($14.16). The funny thing is that cost of living is less here, so it has not affected our way of life too much.

Per the livingcost.org site: The average cost of living in the United Kingdom ($1818) is 18% less expensive than in the United States ($2213). The United Kingdom ranked 16th vs 5th for the United States in the list of the most expensive countries in the world.

The Zebra

“When you hear hoof beats, think horses, not zebras…. But don’t forget about the zebras”. Due to the NHS structure, there is minimal funding for the research, particularly if it is an obscure disease. As the UK government site states “although rare diseases may be individually rare, they are collectively common.”

In 2013, the UK government and the 3 devolved administrations published the first UK Strategy for Rare Diseases (the strategy). This may seem like a good advancement, but it is not. It was a start. It was not until 2013 (the 21st century!) that the first strategy for rare diseases was developed in the UK. A fellow nurse recently got the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism and all the research she found was from the USA. She is now looking at getting her parathyroid removed sometime next year. Since it is not emergent, for now they are just monitoring her calcium levels and giving her the appropriate treatment if needed.

The Good

The reasons we stay and tolerate the above

Free healthcare…

…Well sort of, we pay into the system via our taxes. But when you go see your primary care physician or the emergency department you do not have to worry about a co-payment. Every month, based on the amount you earn, you pay National Insurance Contributions (NIC). The tax is about 13.25% of your gross wages but if you are a low-income earner the tax is waved.

ALL medication prescriptions are £9.35 each and if you are under 18 years old or over 60 it is free.

But the biggest thing you get with socialized health care is an ease in society. People can choose their profession not for the health care coverage but if they like the job. An artist can be an artist. Small businesses do not have to calculate healthcare cost into their business expenses, giving them a better chance to thrive. Car insurance is MUCH less but not due to good driving but because medical expenses do not need to be calculated into the cost. You do not have to worry about getting sick and being able to afford the hospital bill, that societal worry is gone.

Work Benefits

When I first started working at the NHS I was so busy learning how to maneuver the system that I did not consider time off. Three or so months after I started I got pulled aside and told I needed to take a week or two off. Otherwise, my annual leave would accumulate and it would be difficult to use. Management requested I take at least one week off a quarter. I get seven weeks of paid time off, which is one of the reason we can travel with such ease.

Annual leave is not part of sick leave. You do not have to accumulate your sick leave base on hours worked like in the USA. I do not know if there is a designated number of hours for sick leave. But base on a research you get one month off full pay and the following months at half pay. 

Sick leave here also includes mental health, including stress. I do not recall seeing someone take sick leave for mental health concerns back in the USA. You of course need a valid doctor’s note, but there is no limit of the time you can take off. We also have free counselling service through work. In addition to a Staff Wellbeing hub that provides stress management resources such as free online yoga, fitness classes, menopause educational sessions, and holds wellness campaigns.

Yes, I complained about the scrub colors earlier but at the start of your employment you are given your own set of scrubs. I no longer need to purchase them. If your position changes you get a new set. Additionally, if you have wear and tear, they are replaced at no cost to you.

Camaraderie

Being part of the NHS, I am part of a bigger community. People will say “I work in the NHS,” you are not working for them, you are in it, you are part of it. You understand the struggles and the rewards being part of the national health system. 

And they support you back.

The cost of living is going up all around us and the NHS is very aware how it affects their employees. My hospital does not shy away from that reality and recently sent an email stating:

“We know such concerns can impact overall wellbeing and happiness, and whilst it’s beyond our control to ‘fix’ the wider cost of living problems, we feel strongly that we should aim to provide the widest range of support possible to our people through this period.”

With the email came a list of reward programs to support us during this time. Including an increase for mileage rates reimbursement for those that drive for work. And the creation of a Hardship Fund for cases of unforeseen financial needs.  In addition to discounts specific to NHS employees.

And it is a group you want to be part of. I felt the inclusivity soon after I started working here. The executive team sent email addressing race head on. Below is an excerpt of the email

The week before Christmas we were in a state of critical incident due to high patient volume with a lack of beds. There was physically nowhere to put incoming patients. The seams of the hospital were bursting. All educational and non-urgent meetings were cancelled. Nurses from other wards came to the ED to help with patient care. And the Executive team were walking around with the tea trolley handing out a cuppa (a cup of tea) to patient’s, family members, and staff. Everyone in the hospital came together to help, we were a team.

So even though the NHS has some ugly bits, or bad areas, for me the good outweighs it all.

All the big wigs passing out tea, thank you!

Life is Never a Straight Line

Like walking down an unsteady path and having to curl your toes to steady yourself, the last six months have been a bit turbulent. Some may call it a midlife crisis, but I kind of went through that when I packaged up my family and moved to England. This period has been more of a career reevaluation. A turbulent one, but one in which I think I have come out ahead. Time will only tell. As any emergency room nurse in recent times will tell you, we are overworked and our light has been dimmed. Many of us have left the field. I did too, going into the field of anesthetics, then doing another a bit of a U turn.

But first,

Before I share that tale with you, I would like to share a conversation I had with a trusted friend years ago that is still fresh on my mind. I was talking with her on my commute home. Catching up after a tough day in the emergency department (ED), venting to her about not getting my break until 8 hours into my shift. It had been an especially grueling day. And now I had a scratchy throat and felt like I was getting ill. She said to me point blank, “Well maybe you love your job, but it doesn’t love you back.”

She was referring to the fact my job was not conducive to self-care. Regularly, I went six-plus hours without a meal and held my pee for ages, always putting my patients needs ahead of my own. By the end of most shifts, I was hangry, on the verge of a urinary tract infection, and exhausted. Talking to her, I got defensive. Didn’t she understand that I put my needs aside to care for others? To be there for them at the most vulnerable point. Didn’t she know how altruistic I was? Didn’t she get what it was to have a career, not a job, one that you’re passionate about, that you put your entire soul into. Why didn’t she see it?

 Maybe, I couldn’t see how much of myself, both physically and emotionally, I was giving, and how it was breaking me. And she did see it.

During COVID being an ED nurse also ment having marks on your face from the FFP3 masks

Fast forward, ten years later

I am living in England, working in a smaller community hospital and thanks to better management, I do get my breaks. The work is still hard. I am on my feet for hours. My system is still on high alert waiting for the next emergency. And as research has shown, persistent surges of adrenaline is damaging on blood vessels and puts you at an elevated risk of heart attacks or stroke.  Not to mention the toll of the night rotation every other week that is hard on this old mother hen. Even though it is rewarding being an emergency room nurse it comes at a cost, the cost of my own health.

I decided that I was ready for a new challenge, a career change, and it led me to anaesthetic nursing. It is a different field here than back home in the USA. In England, you are the assistant to the anesthesiologist, his helping hands, versus an independent practitioner like in the USA. (My next post will be about the lessons learned whilst an anesthetic nurse.)

In my new role as an anaesthetic nurse

A new way of life

The change in field also altered my hours and my way of working. I could be home for dinner most nights and on weekends. I not only had my lunch breaks, but additional tea breaks as well. It was easier on my body, and no more adrenaline surges. Then, as I settled into this new area of nursing, walking the sterile halls of theatres (operating rooms), I learned that the clinical educator in the emergency department was leaving.

Before leaving the emergency department, having been so recently in their shoes, I had taken on teaching and giving guidance to junior nurses and recently-arrived international nurses.  I found myself falling asleep at night thinking about how to describe a second-degree heart block to one of the newbies. The language of medicine lives with in me.I realized I get a thrill being able to share that language with others. Thus, the U-turn: I took a chance and applied for the position.

A Chance

I was short listed and granted an interview, my first ever management interview. That is the moment I started leading a double life. By day I worked as a new anesthetic nurse, and by night, I prepared for the interview. It consisted of creating and giving a presentation on the topic of “linking clinical education to recruitment and retention.” Two weeks later, days before the interview. I found myself walking the English coastline, practicing my presentation, titled: “Empowerment Through Knowledge: A Culture of Education”.

the coastline I walked as I recited my presentation

The day arrived, my heart was racing, my breathing exercises did little to relieve the dripping sweat from my armpits, but I felt I did well. The interviewing team, unable to decide that day, requested a day to think about it, uncommon in England. Over the following twenty-four hours, I realize the immensity of what I had just signed up for. If I got it, it was going to be a challenging position, and a difficult one to leave behind at work, as any schoolteacher well knows. Was I again choosing a job that I loved too much?

The Quandary

In the middle of the night following the interview, sitting in an empty staff breakroom waiting for an emergency worthy of an operation. I put down the book A Promised Land by Barack Obama and let my mind wander. Thinking about a possible future as the clinical educator for the department I heard the echo of Obamas words: the importance of inspiring others, is a worthy cause. Was it my fortune to guide other nurses on their journey. Or was I about to take a position that would consume me? I live and breathe the nuances of being a nurse, but can I leave it at work? Will this impede the precious moments I have left in son’s childhood?

As I crawled into morning, I was still unsure of which future I wanted. Truth be told, at this point in time, it was out my hands. But those 24 hours gave me the opportunity to reflect on the decision I was making, and the life I was choosing. Was it time I choose something for my whole self, not just for part of me.

The day before this, my wise husband asked, “will you ever be happy?” It made me chuckle and think, when will I be satisfied? Back in the States, I had strived to be a critical care transport nurse, then a pediatric emergency nurse, then the move to England, and into the operating theatre, and now clinical educator. What am I looking for? What is it I was striving for? I needed to remind myself to stop, and soak in the moment after a goal has been reached, instead of looking for the next goal.

I did not get the job.

A sense of relief laced with disappointment seeped in. I heard the universe telling me to focus on life in England, on home, my family, so I jumped fully into anesthetic nursing, no longer having to lead a double life.

The role expanded my perspective as a nurse, but it removed some of my best skills, IV starts (cannulation) for example, or thinking on my feet during an unexpected critical situation. But I had the space to let my mind wander, and the time and energy to learn new things. I found myself being thrilled during the first hours of an operations, but then I would just get on my phone and let time slip through my fingers. I became very good at Wordle and discovered Quordle.

With spring in full bloom, we headed on holiday. While soaking in the sun on the Costa del Sol, I got a call from Mobile Medics International, an NGO, to go to Romania and help with the refugee crisis stemming from the war in Ukraine. Still in training for anesthetics, I easily slipped out for a week and went to help.

On one of the days there, walking the streets of Galați, looking up at the tall cement buildings and the blue sky, my phone buzz. I had an email. It was from a fellow ED nurse at Winchester, letting me know the clinical educator assistant job (a part time, fifteen hours a week) had been posted. There I was in another country, helping to treat minor ailments, but using my skills. And teaching the local volunteers first aid as they prepared to go into Ukraine. Was the universe giving me a nudge? I put aside my fears of rejection and as soon as I got back, applied. And I got the job.

Teaching first aid in Galați Romania

Facing the Fear

So, after five months of anesthetics training me, with only weeks to go until I was practicing on my own as an anesthetic nurse, that I put in my notice.  The conversation with my manager was one that caused a tight knot in the pit of my stomach. I knew I was jumping back into the madness of the emergency department, working there part of the time, and the rest as the clinical educator. Was it the right choice?

That day, as I cycled away from the hospital, there was a group of monks chanting, a calming hum overtaking the traffic noise. It felt right. I was taking a risk in the right direction.

Learning to care for myself amidst chaos

So, I was back in the craziness of the emergency department. I felt a flutter in my chest but one of joy. A comfort to be back in a familiar environment. A feeling that any ED nurse knows after they have left the ED only to be drawn back. My first day back in the ED I was thrown right into the trenches working in one the busiest areas.  The pressures could have easily overwhelmed me, but I kept telling myself to breath. And my focus for the day was to keep everyone alive. I might not complete the hourly observations/vital signs right on time, but I would provide level of care that goes beyond the numbers.  

These two positions gave me balance. The two twelve-hour shifts as a staff nurse giving me an accurate pulse of the department. Then the two eight-hour shifts as the assistant to the clinical educator where I could I provide hands-on teaching and create education material for the department.

Teaching in the Emergency Department

The Unexpected

Then the day came when the clinical educator and emergency department matron (director) pulled me into their office. The matron was going on maternity leave for a year, (the standard in the UK) and her position was being filled by the clinical educator which left a vacancy. One they asked if I would fill.

My current balance suited me, even though I rushed around to provide the education I wanted in the  15-hour weekly limit. I was not sure how I would handle teaching full time. Should I take another chance?? My mind replayed all the chances I had already taken, from going to the visa department when the country was shut down to moving to England. The hard part was done.This was another chance that had to be taken. The new goal was not to lose myself in the chaos of my work.

I applied, I interviewed, and I got the job.

How do we learn to give it our all without losing ourselves?

There are a couple components to the question. First, to remember to care for yourself, otherwise you will not have the energy to care for other. Second, learning to be uncomfortable. Whether it be caring for patients or working with colleagues, we need to empathize and be uncomfortable with them, without losing ourselves. As Brene Brown famously states: to be able to connect with other we first must be brave enough to get in touch with our emotion. I also like to remember that a moment of uneasiness for us, it just that a moment. A moment for us to connect, but for the other person it is a permanent mark. So, by learning about ourselves, our emotions, we can hold on tighter and not lose ourselves.

A fellow nurse once told me a story of an elder woman whose husband had just passed. She was a young nurse then, and it had hit her hard. She was crying. The woman told her “Darling it was my husband, it is my loss. You have your job to do. It is not your grief to carry.”

Back to the beginning.

I started the year looking for a change in my career, something that brought more balance to my life, and in a roundabout way, it found me.

I am breaking in this new position, learning to be uncomfortable with unfamiliar tasks and duties. Advocating for staff to be given time off to attend courses in a department that has no funding. And in my spare time I am learning about male catheterization the English way so I can teach it to the department.

All with an effort to leave it behind at work and not bring it home. I have been pulled into nursing again, and pulled away from writing.

I am about to turn forty-two, and a goal in life, a purpose, it is to leave something behind beyond myself. To cause a ripple that surpasses my existence. Education fulfills that purpose. I am still figuring out the nuances of my teaching style but now it is a full-time job versus two shifts a week. I am learning as much as I am teaching, growing humbling.

Straight lines in life do not allow you to see things from different angles. I do not know what this year will bring, but I am learning to care for myself a bit better, challenging myself in a new role, and learning to let go of work on my ride home each evening.

Mental Health Care in an English A&E

Part two of two: Closing the loop, the continuation piece of a patient’s journey with a mental health crisis in an English Emergency Department. Part one provides additional background and the start of patient’s journey.

After a decade of emergency room nursing in the USA, the compare-and-contrast of working as a nurse in England this past year is constantly eye-opening.  I’m thankful to those I work with for the learning experience. For example, there is Amy, a RMN (Registered Mental Health Nurse) who has helped me understand the mental health system in England. Something very different from what I was used to in the States.

Amy

Amy

One summer afternoon, Amy shared with me some of her adventures as we walked along the Itchen River. Amy took off traveling soon after finishing her dual degree in mental health and adult nursing. She headed to a remote area of Mozambique to volunteer in a clinic. A place so impoverished that each patient kept a pin cushion with a single needle to use for their injections. Still to this day the thought of it startles her. After Mozambique, she headed to New Zealand. With a soft giggle, she told me how she got lost in the wilderness while hiking. And how her Trust in the universe led her back to safety. 

She had taken off a solo, climbing into the New Zealand backwoods, not seeing a soul for days. At one point, she told me, “I was in the middle of the bush and didn’t know which way to go. I was utterly completely lost.” So she just stopped.  She stood there. “I asked the universe for help and a bird appeared. I decided it was a sign, I followed it, and it led me out, back to safety.”

Amy is the kind of person who allows the universe to guide her; she is a strong woman with a gentle soul and great source of mental health knowledge. She is one of the people you may see if you come with a mental health crisis to the Emergency Department. Or as it is called in England, the A&E, for Accident & Emergency.

Before seeing the patient

Prior to evaluating the patient in the A&E, Amy logs into a larger data base using the patient’s National Health Service (NHS) number. There she can see their social, medical, and mental health history. She is also able to see which resources have already been established in the community for the patient. And whether the patient has used them. Every person that lives in England should have an NHS number. On a side note, we were able to spot a person being sex trafficked due to their lack of an NHS number when I first arrived.

A Suicidal Patient

Every day we have at least one patient that has intentionally overdosed on their medication or over-the-counter paracetamol (acetaminophen/Tylenol), possibly mixed with alcohol. Normally the patient will arrive via ambulance after they realize the error in their actions. Or sometimes, it’s after a friend or family member reads between the lines of their text messages and calls an ambulance. The patient normally arrives numb and is compliant with our interventions.

Once the patient is deemed medically fit, a mental health evaluation is requested. Within an hour of the referral, a registered mental health nurse (RMN) such as Amy, also known as a mental health liaison, will come and assess the patient. For myself, as a staff nurse, seeing it from the outside, it looks like a mini-therapy session. The RME assesses the triggers that brought the patient into the A&E. Most importantly, the RMN assesses their mental capacity and whether the patient is at risk to themselves.

Mental Capacity

The patient that comes to mind is a person with multiple recent stressors. A recent breakup, layered with a loss of job, previous childhood trauma, and no social safety net. And at that moment found their life to have no purpose. In an impulsive action, they swallowed the contents of the medicine cupboard and washed it down with alcohol. Either through their own regret, or by reaching out to someone, help was called and they arrived at the A&E.

At the moment of their actions, their emotional distress caused them a lack of mental capacity. After getting treatment in the A&E, and at the point the RMN is evaluating the patient, they may have gained mental capacity. And most times will be discharged with a referral to community resources. But how can someone who earlier wanted to end their life be safe to go home?

In England the answer lies in the mental capacity act (MCA).

“People can lack capacity to make some decisions, but have capacity to make others. Mental capacity can also fluctuate with time. Someone may lack capacity at one point in time to make a competent decision, but may be able to make the same decision at a later time.”

The National Health Service

Amy in her gentle manner assesses the triggers that lead to their actions. She takes into consideration the emotional distress or ambivalence towards their actions, which can be deemed to lack mental capacity, prior to making a final recommendation. But if the patient can restate their actions, understand them and the consequences, and realizes the triggers that lead to the events and the fault in their action, the patient has mental capacity. As Amy recalls “a mother furiously called me after I had discharged her daughter. It’s always hard to explain to the family that the patient had mental capacity. That they understood the consequences of their actions.” She continues in a solemn tone, “I cannot hold someone against their will just because they wanted to harm themselves. They must be willing to accept the help.”

The Ethics of Mental Capacity & Mental Health

In my conversations with Amy, she confirms the importance of the mental capacity assessment. “It has to be rock solid, it is the corner stone of our treatment. If something happens to the patient, you must be able to stand your ground in court. You cannot hold a patient against their will if they have mental capacity.”

I have seen patients with suicidal thoughts, no plan of action, discharged with referral to outside resources, and I wondered if they will stay safe. After working over a decade in the USA it is hard for me to see these patients go home in a similar state as when they arrived.

But back home (USA) I also recall the ED over half full of mental health patients on “hold” for days waiting for the appropriate resource to become available. Holding patients against their will, days after the crisis had resolved. In a windowless room no less, with minimal consideration to potential emotional triggers that might be brought on by the isolation. It is a different method of treatment here in England, not better or worse, just different.

England does realize however the gap in treatment. A gap which is currently being filled by charities, such as Maytree Suicide Respite Centre. Maytree offers free respite stays for people in suicidal crisis. These organizations provide support for patients who are at risk of suicide, but have mental capacity.

A patient who is discharged, is not set loose in the community. An important part of the assessment is figuring out their level of risk. And the resources they will need and be provided once they are discharged.

The Assessment

Amy completes the mental assessment within the hour and determines whether the person is a low, medium or high risk to themselves. In addition, she also determines the cause of their distress, which will guide the treatment plan. A raped victim will have a different treatment plan as compared to someone going through grief, even though both patients may have attempted suicide. Part of the assessment is getting to the root cause.  Specialized resources are available for rape victims, post-traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, grief groups, and anxiety, just to name a few.

A low risk patient

A patient at low risk will be provided with a self-referral to group therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, in person, or online (iTalk,). A full initial assessment will be completed ideally within one week by the community mental health team.

An important resource is group therapy that focuses on teaching patients appropriate coping skills or strategies. An important tool to have prior to starting one-to-one therapy and having work through deep emotional wounds.

Medium Risk Patient

A medium risk patient will be contact by the community health team. Depending on acuity, as soon 24 hours or up to a week after being discharged from the A&E. The team is composed of a RNM, social work, and psychiatrist. The patient then gets reassesses and provided the resources necessary based on their needs.  The social worker may also assist the patient with accessing services they may be entitled to such as housing or assist with their employment. While the psychiatrist will provide any acute medication needs.

High Risk Patient

A high risk patient will get assigned an acute mental health team. Which is a 24 hour service and works alongside the community health team mentioned above. The team is known as ‘hospital at home.’ Services includes medication at home and creating a safe home environment to treat the patient. The idea is, there is greater chance of recovery, even in a state of crisis, when the patient is at home. The safety of their home environment can facilitate recovery, or the opposite. It can also alert the medical team of triggers that need to be addressed.

The recurrent patient

In any A&E, you have the regulars, aka frequent flyers, or more politically correct, a high frequency user. This is the patient who comes in with a mental health crisis but knows you just got your hair cut. Normally they are lonely and have come to see the A&E as a safe place. In the USA, this patient finds a community in the emergency room and, at times, it is their only community.

But in England it is a bit different since these patients have community resources in place which are less available in the USA.  The care-seeking behavior the patient often at times presents as parasuicidal. This behavior in England is not encouraged by the RMN. Amy lets me into the mini-therapy session she has with the patient in which she inquiries about their behavior. She asks what happened that day and what barrier they had preventing them from using coping skills they have been taught in therapy. High frequency users are promptly assessed and discharged. The goal and encouragement for them is to use the community resources already in place for them.

Lack of Mental Capacity

The patient that arrives in acute psychosis, lacking mental capacity, can be detained under the Mental Health Act. The term used here is holding a patient “under a section 2.” People detained under the Mental Health Act need urgent treatment for a mental health disorder. These patients are at risk of harm to themselves or others. A section 2 detains the patient for up 28 days, allowing for in hospital assessment and treatment in acute phase.

Under a section 2 the patient will receive medical treatment whether or not they consent to it. But if the health team determines the patient has gained mental capacity, the patient can be discharged prior to the 28 days. If treatment is required past 28 day, the patient is placed under a section 3; which can be up to 6 months detainment in hospital for treatment.

Mental Illness versus Addiction

My observations in the treatment of mental health in England has expanded my perspective. But one disappointing difference is the distinction made between mental illness and addiction, treating them as two separate entities. Amy has had to advocate more than once for appropriate treatment for patients with addiction. The battle lays in two of the division of resources for patient. A patient with history of intravenous drug usage will fall into addiction sector. Mental health services will not see the patient until they are drug free, “clean.” But, the reality is that they require mental health treatment to get clean.  This type of separation causes poor patient treatment. Addiction and mental illness overlap and in my humble opinion cannot be separated.

photo credit https://www.mentalhelp.net/aware/mental-illness-and-substance-abuse/

After the crisis

After the assessment, the crisis normally passes and the patient is discharged home. And provided with community resources. A patient in a mental health crisis is at a turning point and with the help provided by the RMN is usually guided in a better direction. Amy works hard to help each patients find their own answers, guiding them to appropriate care. Maybe, like Amy, we have to Trust the universe a little bit more and let the people in crisis guide us to the care they need.

Mental health is a vast concept with many branching off points. It is impossible to sum it up in two posts. But I do hope my observations have allowed you to see how things can be done differently. We can learn from one another to provide better treatment to those in need.

The Lake District, Cumbria
Photo Credit Andy Blakemore

A Glimpse of Mental Health Treatment in the A&E

Part one of two: I have decided to divide the post into two parts due to the amount of information and complexity of the subject. Thank you for taking the time to read.

Mental Health Part One

Mental health, no matter where in the world, is a difficult topic to address. We all battle with mental health issues at some point in our lives. Even so, society shuns the topic and resources are minimal. In England it is not necessarily better but just different, like many things here. This piece is a broad overview of England’s mental health system primarily from the eye of a mental health nurse and an Emergency Room/Accident & Emergency (ED/A&E) nurse. I hope to guide you through our process when I patient presents with a mental health concern. I will also highlighted some of the difference between the USA and England.

In my world, when I see a patient in a mental health crisis, I see a person at their most vulnerable. Majority of time it is out of their control. Whether it be a chemical imbalance, the lack of knowledge or resources available to them. Mental health presentation in the A&E accounts for 5% in England and 10% in the United States .

The initial treatment of a mental health patient in England is definitely different, we do not strip patients of their clothing or belongings (their dignity), or make them change into spice colored scrubs/a hospital gown. We also do not make them pee in a cup for a drug test. Or check an alcohol level if they are intoxicated. The A&E does not even have a breathalyzer kit. We do assess the patient’s mental capacity, including assessing whether they are clinically sober. And, we do place them in a safe environment free from ligature risks or sharps hazards.

So, without knowing which illicit drugs are in their system, how do you treat the patient? Do you need to know what drugs are on-board to treat them? And do you actually need to know their alcohol level? Questions I find myself asking.

Registered Mental Health Nurses

A key difference in the United Kingdom are the nurses. A nurse chooses their field of study with in nursing prior to entering university. The types of nursing are adult, children’s, disability, and mental health. Midwifery is another subdivision. An adult trained nurse does not have any formal education in mental health nursing and vice versa. Rachel Cutshall, a fellow American nurse working in England summarize the four fields of nursing in her blog if you would like to learn more.

A registered mental health nurse (RMN) assesses and plans the treatment of a mental health patient in the A&E. If a patient requires a safety observer an RMN will be one to stay with the patient. Therefore you have one qualified profession that handles the majority ,if not all, the mental health issues that arise in the NHS, not a social worker like in the USA.

Amy

Amy was one of the first nurses that I met and my initial introduction to the mental health system in England.  Her first exposure to mental illness was from a young age since her mother suffered from a complex mental health history. Her mother was unable to care for her and she was placed in the hands of her grandmother until the age of five. The years she spent with her grandmother were filled with routine and love, a thriving ground for a child. With her knowledge in adverse childhood exposure (ACE), she attributes this time of stability the building blocks for her resilience.

https://www.wavetrust.org/adverse-childhood-experiences

Amy’s grandmother left a strong imprint on her life, her words and actions echoed in her own life, “she always found a way to be kind and helpful,” and Amy wanted to follow in those footsteps. At five years old she was reunited with her mother, but it was short lived and was soon placed in the foster care system. As she aged out Amy found refuge in homeless hostels where she also volunteered. This is where she saw that mental health overlaps our physical health. She did not just want to volunteer, she really wanted to help the people. She knew to gain the skills she would have to become a nurse.

During our initial meeting Amy and I talked about the complexities of mental health management and treatment in England, including addiction treatment. She is well versed and has read books by one of my favorite authors Gabor Mate. Amy primarily wanted to be a mental health nurse but she realized she needed the knowledge of both an adult and mental health nurse. And so she became a dual qualified nurse.

A mental health patient in the A&E

My interactions with a mental health patient presenting to the A&E is minimal. Common presentations include depression, anxiety including panic attacks, suicide attempt, self-harm behavior, or acute psychosis. A new acronym I use is DSH, deliberate self-harm. Other than providing reassuring words, we triage, obtain a set of vital signs/observations and then complete a mental health liaison form. The from includes environment safety check and a mental capacity assessment. The form also provides the mental health team a quick overview of the presentation of the patient to the A&E. The only treatment we may provide is the ever elusive healing cup of tea. Within an hour of arrival to the A&E the mental health liaison (nurse), Amy, will evaluate them.

Overdoses

Most overdoses are an effort to numb the intense feelings of our lives. We even try to numb the good ones. I always think about level of pain or grief the person has gone through which requires them to numb it out with drugs or alcohol.

The patient with an overdose the process is a bit different. First we provide medical treatment, we establish vascular access, get blood work and an ECG/EKG. We administer appropriate antidotes and monitor airway.

A common drug overdose is Paracetamol (acetaminophen/Tylenol), especially in the youth. And we routinely administered the antidote Acetylcysteine, also known as N-acetylcysteine. So common that there are prefilled forms with the protocol and dosages based on weight.

In England controlled substances are less prescribed and are more difficult to obtain but still account for half of all drug overdoses in England and Wales. Multi-drug overdose is more common than back home which includes a cocktail of their normal medications including antidepressants.

The local street drugs are Spice K2 and marijuana. Methamphetamine is more rare, but I have heard it does exist here, even though I have yet to see it. We still have the intravenous drug user with heroin overdoses who will walk out after Naloxone administration.  Marijuana is an illegal substance here therefore we do see patients who arrive high. We monitor them and send them home before they purge the sandwich supply.

Alcohol Intoxication

Patients who arrive intoxicate and depressed or suicidal, time is the main treatment whilst the airway is patent. We administer Pabrinex, an intravenous concoction of vitamins, the equivalent to a banana bag. We sober them up with sleep, tea and toast. After they are clinically sober and have mental capacity, the mental health teams evaluates them.

Intoxicated teenagers on the other hand have the additional requirement of getting a safeguarding referral to alert social services. If there is a greater concern other than intoxication, a safety concern for the child, they will get admitted to the pediatric ward. After admission the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS), another division of the National Health Service (NHS), will evaluate them. In the future I hope to go into detail regarding the mental health services and treatment for children.

After the patient is medically fit (cleared) and drank their cup of tea we wait. The mental health nurse soon arrives to assess the patient and guide treatment or plan of care.

The cup of tea

What is this magical cup of tea? The process of asking a patient not only if they would like a cup of tea but how they take it gives them gives them a chance to voice their needs. They have to stop and think about what they want, one or two sugars, sometimes that simple thing makes us think about bigger wants and needs. I have found having a warm cup of tea during a stressful moment does slow you down just enough to catch your breath. I believe it does the same for some of our patients. Therefore I mention many times the healing cup of tea, but I do not mean in jest, it does have great value.

Part two

My new normal

I used to look out into a spacious waiting room with an enclosed Chihuly art piece tucked in the corner. At times it was bursting with ill children waiting to be seen, all under my supervision. I would run through my head, recalibrating who was sickest, who was in need of analgesia, or who needed a new set of vital signs. I had the independence to administer medication without a second check since it was all computerized. My old world, one which is fading now. The current waiting room, or closet thing to it here, is a skinny white tent with a queue of patients waiting to be seen. At times the line extends into the parking lot.

I have learned (or learnt) to be a nurse in a new capacity. Fellow international nurses say you take a step down from the autonomy you held back home, but I think of it more as a side step. I am no longer wearing a stethoscope every day, nor do I know the results of all my patients, but in exchange I get to talk to them and learn their stories. By taking that side step I am able to look around and observe the difference in health care

Is care better?

In the Emergency Department (A&E) care is more efficient. Is efficiency better? The fact is eighty percent of patients get their disposition in less than four hours. Almost every patient with an acute complaint (ESI 3 or higher) will get an IV (cannula), labs (bloods) including a venous blood gas, EKG (ECG), and a COVID swab on arrival. An hour later with lab results in hand (the doctor’s not mine) you know whether the chest pain needs a cardiology consult, additional work up and admission.

A venous gas result is ready in less than two minutes and very helpful in diagnosing a septic patient or a patient with diabetes ketoacidosis

Most patients admission is to the Emergency Medical Assessment Unit EMAU. This is where further evaluation is completed. Such as CT scans, heart rate control, or potassium replacement. EMAU provides care up to a progressive care unit (PCU) level. If the work up extends past a 24 hour period the patient will then move to a specialized ward. General practitioner (GP aka PCP) also directly admit to EMAU bypassing the A&E all together. 

A typical patient in our A&E is a little old man curled with age and his tweed cap faithfully at his side. The one in my head arrived via ambulance with “long lie” due to being “off legs.” In other words he was found on the floor after an extended period of time by his carer. due to leg weakness. He took the time to read my name badge and it struck a chord in me. Reminding me of the value of being called by your name.  He received the work up previously mentioned but even with his complex history everything came back normal. In these situations we arrange an In Reach evaluation.

The In Reach Team

In Reach is team at the hospital that evaluates the patient and their needs to be able to stay at home. The assessment includes checking mobility, family support, and overall safety of living conditions. The team provides the patient with appropriate assistive devices, arranges for district nurse visits or meals on wheels.

No More Pelvic Exams

Diagnostic studies must be justified. Even a head computed tomography (CT) scan must be accompanied by altered level of conscience or blunt head trauma with persistent vomiting. Elevated inflammatory markers is the only way to land an abdominal ultrasound. And even at that, it will be scheduled for the following morning, not in the A&E. If you suspect acute appendicitis the patient goes directly to the operating room/theatres.

A young female with upper abdominal pain will get the work up mentioned and sent home to follow up with their GP. More weight is placed on the physical assessment versus jumping to a CT scan. Children that present with abdominal pain first get an assessment, then urine analysis, possibly blood work but an ultrasound will only be done if deemed necessary after blood results. We are more likely to schedule it as an outpatient or to monitor the child overnight. I am torn to which is better, at times things are missed when you skip the scan or an ultrasound but then again you do not always need it. Things here are not better or worse, just different.

A female with lower abdominal pain or a pregnancy complaint will get stabilized then sent to the OBGYN ward in a neighbouring building. A young pregnant woman with heavy bleeding presented via triage the other day. After I obtained her vital signs I paged (bleeped) the GYN doctor and sent her directly to the OBGYN ward. Pelvic exams are not done in the A&E! At first sending a patient to another building just because they required pelvic exam seemed foreign. Now, it just is.

What about Sexually Transmitted Diseases?

No emergency treatment required therefore patients get directed to a specialized clinic. The sexual health clinic offers contraception, free condoms, testing for sexually transmitted infections including HIV.

Stroke Team

The hospital, and most hospitals in the NHS, have a dedicated stroke team. The team consists of a doctor and health practitioner. The health practitioners are trained in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) assessment. The NIHSS is a systematic assessment tool that provides a quantitative measure of stroke-related neurologic deficit. In addition to placing IVs, determining if the patient will require thrombolytic intervention (“the clot buster drug”) and transport the patient to CT. The doctor does the formal admission and will be present if thrombolytics are administered. A stroke patient will get their evaluation by the stroke team and admitted within a couple of hours. The A&E nurse will assist with paper work, medication administration, but no need to transport the patient for CT or do the NIHSS assessment.

Minor Complaints

When I started, I was blown away when an Emergency Nurse Practitioner (ENP) guided a smartly dressed woman directly into one of their exam rooms. The chief complaint was a foreign object in her ear. Turns out it was a piece of her hearing aid. I never really saw the patient, only glance at her in passing, she bypassed triage. The ENP took the chart, took the foreign object out, did one quick set of vital signs and discharge her. The staff nurses do not get congested with these patients. Other patients that will get seen by the ENP directly are limb injuries such as a sprained ankle or a simple laceration.

Minor complaints (ESI 4/5) get seen by ENPs, a different scope of practice than back home. For example, an ENP in England would not just evaluate a simple urinary tract infection. But being previous A&E nurses, they do everything from start to finish. The triage, wound care, x-ray ordering and reading, plastering (applying a cast) all without any help from an ER tech or another nurse. ENPs are very independent and hold their own.

Seeing things from a different side

Learning to see things under a different light reminded me of Begonia, a stern retired teacher we stayed with during our travels in Spain. She could not brush off her years of teaching and was always sharing her wisdom. During our final night, I was complaining about the world’s agonies and she grabbed my hand and held it up. She was looking at the back side with the cracks on my skin and I was looking at my palm. Then she said “we are both looking at your hand, right? But we are looking at two very different things because of where we sit.”

When I arrived I saw thing from the American view, now I see them from the other side.

A Sundry of Difference

-We do not administer narcotics instead we give paracetamol IV. I have given morphine less than a dozen times in the last year.

-Patient to nurse ratios are 5:1, pediatrics 8:1, and ICU level patients 3:2

-A medical cold blue is an incoming sick patient not a cardiac or respiratory arrest. Those area announced as a cardiac/respiratory arrest.

-No ambulance phone just a screen, we only get a phone call if the patient requires a resuscitation bed.

How has all this changed me as a nurse?

I have had to recalibrate how I see myself and emergency care. It is no longer about trying to find the mystery diagnosis or a reason for admission. It is now about figuring out if the patient needs immediate treatment or what support they may need from the community to lead a healthy life at home.

Back home I am just another nurse, but here due to the vast difference in training I am a source of knowledge. I have learned to carry that knowledge carefully and use it as a mean to elevate those around me.  A personal goal is to teach the newly arrived foreign nurses of the intrinsic difference in England. I have learned to Trust myself a little more and not be afraid to have voice, embracing my American heritage. I now introduce myself as the American nurse working for the NHS.

Mental Capacity-The Voice of Your Patient

Mental capacity is the ability to make and communicate our own decisions. In the United States healthcare setting mental capacity is not a phrase we often hear. The term is mostly applied to legal proceeding. But in England is it is part of the initial Accidents & Emergency (A&E) aka Emergency Department assessment and our daily medical jargon.

One of the first questions asked as part of the consent to treatment is Does Patient have Capacity?

So how do I assess a person’s mental status back home? We do a quick assessment asking the patient a standard set of questions. What is your name? Where are you? What year/month/date is it? Why are you here? These questions determines whether the patient is alert (A) and oriented (O) to person (name), place (hospital, town), time, and situation. The short hand of full mental capacity is they are A and O x 4. Or a person with dementia you might say they are A and O x 3 minus time. Neither of these are used in England, rather you state whether or not they are confused or if they have mental capacity. But capacity is a fluid thing, and whether or not a patient holds it can change from one moment to the next, as I discovered during the peak of the pandemic.

Getting your needs met…

He was a cantankerous cunning man to say the least. He arrived to the resuscitation area barrel chested with an oxygen level of 67%, only responsive to verbal stimuli. We started our symphony of actions: oxygen delivery, intravenous access placement, arterial blood gas, and cardiac monitoring among other things. He had a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD, and had not been using his home continuous positive airway pressure CPAP machine for the last week.  The bustling aroused him, no longer hypoxic, he clearly knew where he was.

With his alertness he vocalized his needs; he wanted a chair to sit in. I explained we did not have any chairs in the resuscitation area. I offer pillows and repositioning for comfort, he declined. Then his bodily functions kicked in and he wanted to use the loo. As I handed him the urinal bottle with a coy look he said “that’s the wrong end.” I told him I would bring a bedside commode; he glared straight into my eyes and said “never” and I knew he meant it. I put forth my defense stating he needed to remain on the monitor and he required oxygen. He rebutted with the fact both are portable.

Begrudgingly I obtain and wheelchair and assisted him into it. As we were about to wheel off he held his hand up to stop me, stating he no longer had to go but with a twinkle in his eye he said “this will do.” And with that he had the chair he wanted to sit in. He duped me. I still smile seeing him proudly sit in his wheelchair defending his own needs, a man that first arrive barely conscience.

He did not want the mask…

The evening proceeded with him being placed on Bi-PAP and removing the lifesaving pressurized oxygen mask every five minutes or so.  Both myself and my colleagues struggling to convince him to put it back on. He had previously stated in writing that he did not want to be intubate, (have a tube and machine breath for him) or have CPR done if his heart was to stop. We confirmed these were still his wishes.  In England we use the term ceiling of care:  the highest level of care you provide the patient. His ceiling of care was Bi-PAP. The nurse and I were constantly struggling to determine if he was capable of understanding what it meant not to wear the Bi-PAP mask.  We asked him direct questions

“Do you understand what will happen if you do not wear the mask that is providing you with oxygen?”

Looking at us straight in the eye he responded “yes, I will stop breathing” taking a breath he continued “and I will die”. At one point I asked him why he wanted to die. With a glum expression he just looked away and put the mask back on.

His calloused hands had been pushing me away or shooing me off throughout me shift.  I knew I could not force the mask on his face, so I just waited. I was trying to make him understand through words and pointing at the monitor, showing a slowly depleting oxygen level 74%, 73%, 70% till his eyes closed and his body soften allowing me to put the mask on without resistance. Two minutes later with appropriate oxygenation he would regain his feistiness and the mask would come off again. And the measure would repeat. 

Did he have mental capacity? Or was he too hypoxic, (lack of oxygen) or hypercapnic, (too much carbon dioxide in the blood) to truly understand his actions.

What is Mental Capacity?

Mental capacity assessment is part of 2005 The Mental Capacity Act of the United Kingdom applying to England and Wales. It is time and decision specific, and can fluctuate over time. The five statutory principles consist of one, presumption of capacity. Second, supporting the patient to make a decision. Third, knowing that unwise or eccentric decisions do not prove a lack of capacity. Fourth, confirming the decision is in the patient’s best interest. And lastly, that the least restrictive intervention should be sought.

The first stage of an assessment of capacity is to determine if the person has an impairment or disturbance in the functioning of their mind or brain. If not, the assessment ends, they have capacity. A disturbance could be altered mental status due to intoxication, learning disability, mental health condition or dementia.

In stage two of the assessment you determine if the person retain information to make the decision; situation awareness and repeating it back. If yes, can the person use the information as part of the decision process? Can they communicate the decision and understand the information and consequences. 

Did he have capacity?

The mental capacity of the heartwarming cantankerous gentleman was intact. He did have an impairment of the brain, hypoxia, but he was able to answer everything appropriately and understood very clearly the consequences of his action.

Mental health concerns such as self-harm or a suicide attempt get the same assessment. An elegantly dressed woman addicted to codeine presented to the A&E with a paracetamol (acetaminophen / Tylenol) overdose. She was no longer able obtain straight codeine and had resorted to the combo tablets, co-codamol (Tylenol #3 in the United States).  She told me all her debt had been recently settled and things were all arranged, so what was the point. Her addiction was taking over her life and she was ready to give in.

Mental Health and Mental Capacity, a quick glance

She came into the A&E voluntarily and verbalized the consequences of her actions; permanent liver damage with the paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose and respiratory depression with codeine overdose. She had mental capacity. And with that capacity she was also allowed to go smoke outside with a hospital escort. The hospital is a no smoking facility but it does provide an outside smoking area for patients. As one nurse put it, the patient understands the harm of smoking and who are we to take away that freedom just because they came to the hospital.

On a side note…

(I feel in the United States we preach about our freedoms but you lose many of them the moment you walk through the hospital doors. Like the freedom to smoke. And your care is dependent on your insurance coverage, therefore how free are we really? But I will leave that discussion for another day.)

We administered the antidote for the overdose after she returned from having “her fag” (cigarette). With in an hour she was evaluated by a mental health nurse. I was not part of the mental health evaluation but it is like a mini therapy session to evaluate the patient’s risk of self-harm. Prior to the mental health nurse evaluation, they will access a background check and review the patient’s history. Therefore, once the mental health nurse arrives, they are aware of the patient’s mental health history, social history and community resource the patient has accessed.

In this instance the patient presented with para suicidal behavior. Parasuicide is an apparent attempt at suicide, commonly called a suicidal gesture, in which the aim is not death. For example, a sub lethal drug overdose or wrist cutting. The patient was not content with her evaluation and proceeded to self-discharge, leaving against medical advice. Since she had full capacity she was allowed to leave even though she had come in with a suicide attempt.

After speaking with the mental health nurse it turned out the patient had been offered many resources and declined the services.  It reminded me of my cantankerous man. We can provide the oxygen mask but they have to want it on for it to makes a difference.

Remembering back home

I recall a mental health nurse relaying to me “we cannot hold them against their will if they have full mental capacity.” Still fresh are years of stripping people of their belonging, clothing, cell phones and dressing them in spiced color scrubs. All personal belongings would be placed in a secure locker only to be released at time of discharge. Followed by a metal detector wand search and then leaving them in a hollow room for hours at times without a television or clock. A certified nursing assistance would be sitting outside the room watching their movements or at times looking at their own phone. An environment easily to induce mental instability, don’t you think? 

At what point do we as health care providers walk away and let things be? What is our responsibility to the patient, if the patient does not want our help?

Which way is better? In the USA we strip patients of their freedom when they present with a self-harm presentation. In the England there is the ability to look at the whole picture and take their mental capacity into account. Mental health though is a topic that I will go delve into more detail in the coming months.

Listening to patient

But, learning to walk away from a patient that no longer wants your help is not a natural instinct for nurses or any healthcare professional. Although, it is a task that I am learning to do, because when it comes down to it, it is not about me but about the patient. Like the saying goes, you can bring a horse to water but you can’t make it drink. Part of being a nurse is learning to work through the feeling that you cannot help everyone. At times helping is just being there for them, no advice, no suggestions, just listening. 

Mental capacity is there to remind us that they still have a voice, even if it is one we don’t agree with. Like the mandate states, eccentricity does not give way to mental capacity. Listening to what they want and why, even if it means bringing them that damn chair against your nursing judgement. 

Restraining Children- a new perspective

Disclosure: This is a reflective piece on the manner in which a pediatric mental health crisis is being handled by two different health systems in two parts of the world. The statements written here are my own personal opinions, and not reflective of the hospitals that have employed me. Mental health is a complex subject and this reflection is only a pin point of information on the topic. Patient details have been changed to maintain patient privacy.

The Patient, A Child

The ambulance phone rings alerting me of an incoming patient: a teenager who is refusing care, and will be arriving in police custody. The patient has had increase aggressive behavior the last two days leading to assaulting multiple family members today. He has behavioral disorders, and possibly undiagnosed mental health issues.

The patient arrives handcuffed and is brought to a bed for evaluation. He refuses to have his vital signs check, and hurls his body towards anyone that gets close. The police are blocking the door after his third attempt to bolt out. I attempt to reason with him, talking in a calm steady voice. “We want to help you and keep you safe. I need to check your blood pressure.” But as I get close, he tries to bite me. He glares into my eyes as he gathers his spit in his mouth, preparing to send it my way.  I take a step back, a safety stance, but with space, he starts banging his head against his knees. It doesn’t provide enough harm, and he moves towards the head rail.

I stop a moment and try to imagine what it is to be this child. You are out of control. You do not know how to gain control of your body again. You have never been given the tools to cope with big emotions. You are mad at yourself for hurting your family. You are unable to go home.

Is home a safe place? The police are the ones who took you away. Can you Trust them? No one is advocating for you. Everyone talks about you as though you are not there. What adult has ever helped you out?

As a nurse, I am blinded to his home environment. I only get a glimpse of it from the police report. But one thing is clear, his home life is unpredictable and unstable.

One of the hardest parts of my job has been placing children in four-point restraints, the strapping down of each of their limbs to prevent violent behavior. I will never get used to it, nor should I. Prior to placing a patient in restraints, whether child or adult, I do attempt to deescalate the situation, verbally and environmentally.

A photo I sent Gary after getting bit by a patient from 2019. Thankfully the two layers of clothing protect me from any skin breakage.

In the United States

This happened often during my years working in the United States; this patient, this situation, a familiar one. Back home the patient would have been strapped down soon after arrival. The idea behind restraints is to protect the patient and the staff from harm. The patient is then medicated with an appropriate sedative via an intramuscular injection. Only after the patient is sedated are the four-point restraints removed. Usually, we would remove the restraints within an hour, but during that time, we complete the blood work, including an alcohol level and drug test. The patient is continuously monitored one to one, one patient to one staff member.

Once the patient is medically cleared, a consultation by a social worker is started with a final disposition to either a mental health facility, or back home with community support. This process can take as little as three hours, or as long as three weeks, depending the complexity of the case. We always keep the threat of restraints available in case the patient attempts to harm staff, or themselves. There are times I remember where a patient would be restrained three or four times over a 24-hour period.

Photo credit: https://emcrit.org/emcrit/human-bondage-chemical-takedown/

In England

Now, working in England, I find the use of four-point restraints extremely rare. After six months here, I have yet to see it done. Instead, I find the practice is to guard ourselves against the patient. If restraining the patient is required, security personnel apply the restraints. It is so rare used that nurses are not trained in restraints. You are not even allowed to restrain a toddler with a blanket hold for suturing.

On a side note, one of the most magical things I have seen in A&E (Accident and Emergency, the British equivalent to the American ER) is a three-year-old with a deep laceration being sutured while standing with only the use of topical analgesia (LET cream) and distraction.

It was only after six months here in England I faced my first pediatric patient in a full-blown mental health crisis. When the police brought him in, handcuffed, I could not use my American training of putting him in restraints, or even hold him down to protect myself. I had to maintain a safe distance, and gently use the deescalating techniques I had learned through my years of nursing.

None of them worked. He was attempting to jump off the hospital bed, hitting his head against his knee, and trying to bite me, and the police. He yelled, “Don’t touch me!” And “Let me go. I want to go home.” Through short clear statements, we attempted to explain to him that we wanted to help him, that we wanted to keep him safe. But by this time, his rational thought process was gone. He was in fight, or flight mode. We removed the handcuffs in an attempt to provide comfort, and present the A&E as a safe place, but it only allowed him the freedom to swing his arms more fiercely.

Photo Credit: https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/defiant-children

Holding him down for a moment, we managed to administer two intramuscular injections of a benzodiazepine, Rapid tranquillization, since he was placing himself and others at risk, per policy. As the medication worked to slow down the surge of neurotransmitters, he became limber and stood like an overcooked noodle. He still refused to sit on the bed. The banging against the wall continued, but now played out in slow motion, allowing me to place my hand, and then a pillow, between his head and the wall.

Two hours after his arrival, I found myself in a sort of dance with him. I stood nearby, my arms in an arc, guarding his every move, ready to catch him if he fell. I spent another hour sidestepping and monitoring his every move, never touching him, or holding him down. Finally, tired, he sat on the floor, still unwilling to fully let his guard down. There, in a closed-off hallway, still sitting, he fell asleep. I let him sleep an hour, and when I gently woke him up; I could calmly move him onto a bed. Still guarded, he fell back asleep sitting up on the bed. I gently nudged him into a prone position once he was sound asleep. No blood tests were done. He was transferred to the pediatric ward with a designated mental health nurse. After the patient would wake up, he would get a full mental health evaluation by a designated mental health provider, all to be done within a day.

After so many years of putting children and adults in physical restraints, strapped down to a bed, and having to scratch their nose for them, I am glad to know I can take a break from this for now.  The comfort for me lies knowing that, even though this patient will have trauma from this event, being tied down to bed will not be one of them. And even though it required me to “dance” with him for over four hours, applying chemical restraints with intramuscular injections, it was physically harder, but emotionally, much lighter – probably, I think, for both of us.

10 Differences in the A&E versus ER

1. A&E (Accidents and Emergency) not ER/ED

2. Medication administration: no Pyxis or pharmacy. You prepare all your own medication after searching for it in the cupboard. This includes high alert medications such as insulin or norepinephrine infusions

3. Triage is the only time computer documentation is done. Everything else is paper charting. However, there are plans in the works to convert to a computer charting program in April. This could be epic!

Only one computer for a group of nurses is need

4. A patient will get admitted while being worked up. No admitting diagnosis needed, query appendicitis is enough. The ultrasound or CT will be done on the floor/ward. In addition, a patient will transition to the floor/ward typically in less than 4 hours. For example yesterday we had a stroke patient admitted after their head CT but prior to receiving the results.

5. Every patient gets a venous blood gas as part of their immediate work up

Venous Gas Machine

6. As a nurse, you can wear a stethoscope, but expect to be mistaken for a doctor if you do.

7. You wear a plastic disposable apron and you change it with every patient. I got a look of disgust when I mentioned we don’t use them in the U.S.A. . . “What do you do if you have to change a soiled patient?”

spice colour scrubs are the standard here

8. Vocabulary EKG-ECG, MVC-RTC, Blood glucose/dexi-BM, BM-open bowel, urinal-bottle, sick-poorly, vital signs-observations

SAME report both in English, one in American English the other in British English

British English Report
American English Report

9. Other than an initial ABCDE (Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure) assessment, no other assessment or reassessment is done by a nurse.

10. Lastly nurses are trained specifically, not globally. An nurse trained in adults does not do pediatrics and visa-versa. And only a midwife would check for fetal heart tones.

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